Multicast routing from a set of data centers in elastic optical networks

This paper introduces the Multi-Server Multicast (MSM) approach for Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) delivering services offered by a set of Data Centers (DCs). All DCs offer the same services. The network is an Elastic Optical Network (EON) and for a good performance, routing is performed directly at the optical layer. Optical switches have heterogeneous capacities, that is, light splitting is not available in all switches. Moreover, frequency slot conversion is not possible in any of them. We account for the degradation that optical signals suffer both in the splitting nodes, as well as across fiber links to compute their transmission reach. The optimal solution of the MSM is a set of light-hierarchies. This multicast route contains a light trail from one of the DCs to each of the destinations with respect to the optical constraints while optimizing an objective (e.g., minimizing a function). Finding such a structure is often an NP-hard problem. The light-hierarchies initiated from different DCs permit delivering the multicast session to all end-users with a better utilization of the optical resources, while also reducing multicast session latencies, as contents can be delivered from such DCs closer to end-users. We propose an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation to optimally decide on which light-hierarchies should be setup. Simulation results illustrate the benefits of MSM in two reference backbone networks.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

AgileDCN:An Agile Reconfigurable Optical Data Center Network Architecture

This paper presents a detailed examination of a novel data center network (DCN) that can satisfy the high capacity and low latency requirements of modern cloud computing applications. This reconfigurable architecture called AgileDCN uses fast-switching optical components with a centralized control function and workload scheduler. By providing a highly flexible optical network fabric between server racks, very high network efficiencies can be achieved even under imbalanced loading patterns. Our simulation results show that, at high (70%) loads, TCP flow completion times in the AgileDCN are significantly lower than in an equivalent electronic leaf-spine network

Numerical simulation of all-normal dispersion visible to near-infrared supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers with core filled chloroform

This study proposes a photonic crystal fiber made of fused silica glass, with the core infiltrated with chloroform as a new source of supercontinuum (SC) spectrum. We numerically study the guiding properties of the fiber structure in terms of characteristic dispersion and mode area of the fundamental mode. Based on the results, we optimized the structural geometries of the CHCl3-core photonic crystal fiber to support the broadband SC generations. The fiber structure with a lattice constant of 1 μm, a filling factor of 0.8, and the diameter of the first-ring air holes equaling 0.5 μm operates in all-normal dispersion. The SC with a broadened spectral bandwidth of 0.64 to 1.80 μm is formed by using a pump pulse with a wavelength of 850 nm, 120 fs duration, and power of 0.833 kW. That fiber would be a good candidate for all-fiber SC sources as cost-effective alternative to glass core fibers

Pro-poor intervention strategies in irrigated agriculture in Asia: poverty in irrigated agriculture: issues and options: Vietnam

Irrigated farming / Poverty / Farm income / Irrigation management / Institutions / Legal aspects / Water rates / User charges / Participatory management / Privatization / Participatory rural appraisal / Performance indexes / Irrigation programs / Irrigation systems / Pumping / Irrigation canals / Social aspects / Economic aspects / Rivers / Hydrology / Dams / Households / Income / Regression analysis / Drainage / Cooperatives / Water delivery / Water distribution / Rice / Financing / Drought / Vietnam / Red River Delta / Nam Duong Irrigation System / Nam Thach Han Irrigation System / Han River

Routage multicast tout-optique sous contraintes optiques

Over the past decade, network traffic levels experienced an explosive growth at about double amount in approximately every thirty months. The sources accounting for this growth come from numerous high-speed applications (e.g., video-on-demand, high-definition television) which involve the data transmission in multicast groups. To realize optical multicasting, optical routers should have light splitters to split light signals and wavelength converters to change the wavelengths wherever needed. However, the splitting reduces the energy of the output signal which in turn requires the costly power amplification or regeneration. Wavelength converters are also immature to be deployed widely in current optical technologies. Consequently, in all-optical networks, routers are often heterogeneous in their processing units, which challenges the routing. Therefore, it is crucial to design efficient multicast routing strategies at the backbone optical networks, in order to achieve cost-performance tradeoff solutions while satisfying the ever-increasing bandwidth demands and optical constraints.In this thesis, we investigate the all-optical multicast routing (AOMR) problems in heterogeneous optical networks. The heterogeneity mainly comes from the absence/presence of light splitters and wavelength converters and the uneven distribution of wavelengths in the network links. In general, AOMR problems are often NP-hard. The objective of the thesis is to analyze and formulate the problems, to search for the optimal solutions, and to propose efficient heuristics to solve the problems under different optical constraints. Both possible contexts, i.e., single-multicast request and multiple-multicast requests, are examined. All the reported results in the thesis are supported by extensive and careful simulations. The major contributions can be summarized as follows.1) We identify the optimal route structures for AOMR problems under heterogeneous mesh WDM networks. As shown in the thesis, the optimal solutions are no longer based on conventional light-trees, but a more general tree-like structure called hierarchy. Some forms of hierarchy realized for WDM multicasting are light-trails, light-hierarchies, light-spider hierarchies and a set of these light-structures. The exact and heuristic algorithms proposed in the thesis are mainly based on hierarchy. 2) For single-multicast with sparse-splitting case, we propose an efficient heuristic algorithm to produce a good tradeoff solution among wavelength consumption, channel total cost and end-to-end delay.3) For single-multicast with non-splitting case, we prove the NP-hardness, identify the optimal solution as a set of light-spider hierarchies, formulate the problems by means of Integer Linear Program (ILP) formulations to find the exact solution, and propose several cost-effective heuristic algorithms to compute the approximate solutions. 4) For the case with multiple-multicast requests, we focus on static traffic patterns under sparse-splitting without wavelength conversion case. First, an ILP formulation based on light-hierarchies is proposed to search for the optimal solution. By applying the layered graph model, we then develop several adaptive heuristic algorithms to compute light-hierarchies for approximate solutions. These adaptive algorithms outperform the existing fixed routing ones in minimizing the blocking probability. Overall, the thesis points out that the optimal solutions for heterogeneously constrained AOMR problems correspond to hierarchies, regardless of request multiplicity consideration.Au cours de la dernière décennie, le trafic dans les réseaux a connu une croissance explosive en double environ tous les trente trois mois. Les sources à l'origine de cette croissance proviennent de nombreuses applications à grande vitesse qui impliquent la transmission de données dans des groupes de multicast. Pour réaliser la multicast optique, les routeurs optiques peuvent avoir des répartiteurs de lumière spéciaux pour diviser des signaux lumineux et des convertisseurs de longueur d'onde pour modifier les longueurs d'onde où c'est nécessaire. Cependant, la division réduit l'énergie du signal qui nécessite alors une amplification ou une régénération qui nécessitent du matériel coûteux. Les convertisseurs de longueurs d'onde aussi ne sont pas suffisamment matures pour être largement déployés dans les technologies optiques actuelles. Par conséquent, dans les réseaux tout-optique, les unités de transformation des routeurs sont souvent hétérogènes et les algorithmes de routage doivent en tenir compte tout en parvenant à des solutions de compromis coût-performances qui satisfassent les exigences de bande passante et les contraintes optiques.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les problème de routage multicast tout-optique (AOMR) dans les réseaux tout-optique hétérogènes. L'hétérogénéité provient principalement de l'absence / présence de séparateurs de lumière et de convertisseurs de longueur d'onde et de la répartition inégale des longueurs d'onde dans les liens du réseau. En général, les problèmes de AOMR sont NP-difficiles. L'objectif de la thèse est d'analyser et de formuler les problèmes sous différentes contraintes optiques, pour rechercher des solutions optimales ou proposer des heuristiques efficaces. Les deux contextes possibles, la demande unique ou multiple de multicast, sont examinés. Toutes les propositions présentées dans la thèse sont validées par des simulations approfondies. Les principales contributions peuvent être résumées comme il suit.1) Nous identifions les structures des routes optimales pour les problèmes de l'AOMR dans les réseaux WDM hétérogènes. Comme indiqué dans la thèse, les solutions optimales ne sont plus basées sur des arbres de lumière classiques, mais sur une structure arborescente plus générale appelée hiérarchie. Certaines formes de hiérarchie pour la multicast WDM sont des parcours optiques, des hiérarchies optiques, des hiérarchies-araignée optiques ou encore des ensembles de ces routes optiques. Les algorithmes exacts et les heuristiques proposés dans la thèse sont principalement basés sur les hiérarchies.2) Dans le cas du problème de multicast avec une seule demande dans des réseaux partiellement équipés de diviseurs de lumière, nous proposons une heuristique efficace dont les résultats font le compromis entre la consommation de longueur d'onde, le coût total, et le délai de bout-en-bout.3) Dans le même cas mais dans des réseaux non équipés de diviseurs de lumière, nous prouvons la NP-difficulté, exprimons les problèmes au moyen d'un programme linéaire (ILP) pour trouver les solutions exactes et proposons plusieurs heuristiques pour calculer de bonnes solutions.4) Pour le cas de demandes multicast multiples, nous nous concentrons sur les modèles de trafic statiques dans des réseaux partiellement équipés de diviseurs mais sans convertisseurs de longueur d'onde. Tout d'abord nous proposons une formulation ILP sur la base de hiérarchies optiques afin de rechercher la solution optimale. Ensuite, utilisant un modèle de graphe en couches, nous développons plusieurs heuristiques adaptatives pour calculer des hiérarchies optiques de solutions approximatives. Ces algorithmes adaptatifs surpassent les techniques de routage existants pour minimiser la probabilité de blocage.Dans l'ensemble, la thèse souligne que les solutions optimales pour les problèmes de l'AOMR considérés correspondent à des hiérarchies, que ce soit pour une seule demande ou des demandes multiples

Multicast routing in WDM networks without splitters

International audienceMulticasting in WDM core networks is an efficient way to economize network resources for several multimedia applications. Due to their complexity and cost, multicast capable switches are rare in the proposed architectures. The paper investigates the multicast routing without splitters in directed (asymmetric) graphs. The objective is to minimize the number of used wavelengths and if there are several solutions, choose the lowest cost one. We show that the optimal solution is a set of light-trails. An efficient heuristic is proposed to minimize conflicts between the light-trails, and so to minimize the number of used wavelengths. The performance is compared to existing light-trail based heuristics. Our algorithm provides a good solution with a few wavelengths required and a low cost

An Improved Multicast Routing Algorithm in Sparse Splitting WDM Networks

International audienceIn this paper we study the multicast routing problem in all-optical WDM networks with sparse splitting capacity. This problem have been attracted a lot of attentions by the researchers worldwide due to its challenges and interest. Most of the work makes use of light-trees (or light-forests) to solve the problem. The objective focuses mainly on minimizing the network resources, e.g. the maximum number of wavelengths (the link stress), the number of wavelength channels used (the total cost), or the end-to-end delay from the source to the destinations (the delay). However, archiving multiple objectives is not trivial. For this reason, we propose a comparative study of the most known algorithms and introduce a new one which can provide a good trade-off among those three criteria. Simulation results and comparison point out that our proposal produces multicast light-forests with the lowest link stress, low total cost and a low end-to-end delay among considered algorithms. Especially, our proposal is more advantageous in dense networks, and/or with a large multicast group size in comparison to the classical algorithms